Broccoli, of all things, drew me into writing about prostate problems! It is being consistently branded as a ‘superfood’ and recently a study found that eating just a few portions of broccoli each week could really go far to protect men from prostate cancer(1).
The most common prostate problem in men over 50 years of age is benign (non harmful/cancerous) enlargement of the prostate gland, known as Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH). This noncancerous condition tends to cause an impediment in the flow of urine and often an increased frequency of urination, especially at night. Sometimes men also experience a difficulty in urinating or a weak flow stream.
BPH is the most common cause of prostate enlargement, however, prostate cancer can cause similar symptoms and so it is ALWAYS important to visit a GP in the first instance before deciding to follow any natural guidance for BPH. The good news is that BPH responds very well to nutritional approaches (any programme may take 6-8 weeks to produce results).
Today I am going to talk about BPH and prostate cancer prevention as both are linked to similar nutrients and dietary advice. It is important to talk about prostate cancer as it is the most frequently diagnosed non-skin cancer within the male population of western countries.
Back to the broccoli! Multiple studies have linked the eating of diets rich in fruit and vegetables to a reduced risk of prostate cancer, however the broccoli study(1) is the first human trial which investigated the mechanisms behind the positive results. Amazingly the broccoli seemed to be switching on genes in the body which prevent cancer developing and switching off genes which usually help cancer to spread. Broccoli is a cruciferous vegetable, as are brussel sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, rocket, watercress and horseradish. Cruciferous vegetables contain compounds called isothiocyanates, responsible for the bitter taste, these are likely to be providing the cancer-prevention benefit.
Other studies have also suggested that consuming one or more portions of broccoli per week can reduce the risk of prostate cancer(2). Different fruits and vegetables probably work through different mechanisms (for example through their anti-oxidant potential) and so providing a wide variety in the daily diet will confer the best protection to health!
One nutrient that is gaining attention for its cancer preventative prospects is Selenium. Here in the UK many of us will not obtain much selenium from our diets because our soils are fairly deficient and so agricultural crops contain less selenium than from elsewhere in the world. Since reducing our wheat imports from the USA our selenium intakes have dropped. One sure fire way to provide ourselves with enough of this essential mineral is to eat Brazil nuts! These nuggets are packed with selenium and just 5-6 a day would be beneficial! A review paper has just been released(3) which assessed several observational and supplement studies that support a preventative effect of selenium against prostate cancer.
Evidence suggests that selenium acts via multiple mechanisms and pathways, most-notably through its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Selenium is an integral constituent of many hundreds of enzymes which work in most cells throughout the body and so it is not surprising that it shows anti-cancer potential. Although larger-scale trials are needed it is, in my opinion, necessary that we make sure that our diets contain adequate amounts of this nutrient. It is an essential mineral that the body cannot do without and so it seems prudent to at least provide the minimum amounts needed for health. If you are not a regular consumer of Brazil nuts then you may wish to consider a supplement. However, single nutrient supplements are not something that I recommend. If you already take a multi-vitamin and mineral supplement check to see if it contains Selenium. There is no current recommendation but many health professionals recommend at least a minimum of 35µg (micrograms) a day and no more than 200 µg a day (selenium in high doses can be toxic). Many multivitamin-mineral supplements provide 75µg.
Check back later in the week for part II
(1)Traka M, Gasper AV, Melchini A, Bacon JR, Needs PW, et al. Broccoli Consumption Interacts with GSTM1 to Perturb Oncogenic Signalling Pathways in the Prostate. PLoS One, 3(7): e2568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002568
(2)Joseph MA et al. 2004. Cruciferous vegetables, genetic polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferases M1 and T1, and prostate cancer risk. Nutr Cancer 50:206-213
(3)Peters U & Takata Y. 2008. Selenium and the prevention of prostate and colorectal cancer. Mol Nutr Food Res. Sep 2 [EPub ahead of print]
Written by Ani Kowal